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The period 1550-1560 was a one of incomparable prosperity for Venice and her merchants. The economic boom benefited the publishing sector, bringing a rapid increase in the number of printing businesses. This reached its height at the end of 1560, when the industry numbered 50 or 60 printing presses employing about 600 people. The favourable economic situation encouraged a number of beginners to try their hand at the business.
Francesco Rampazetto was active as a printer from 1553 to his death in about 1577. He worked mainly on commission for other printers and booksellers. Like many of his colleagues he printed a great variety of books on many different subjects, from architecture to literature, and from astronomy to history and music. Most publications were in the vernacular, but he also published books in Latin, Greek and Spanish. From 1561 to 1568 he published at least thirty-two books of music and a book of music theory.
Many works he issued, such as the First Book of Spiritual Lauds by Giovanni Razzi (1563, Jacopo and Filippo Giunti, Florence), the Third Book of the Muses for Four Voices (1563, Antonio Barré), and the Second Book of Madrigals for Five Voices by Pietro Vinci (Giovanni Comencino, Venice) confirm his status as a contract worker for individual clients and other printers. The remainder of his first editions were directly commissioned by composers or third parties. In 1566 Rampazetto, at the request of Filippo Zusberti, a cantor at St Mark’s, printed Zarlino’s motets for six voices. He also undertook to reprint well-known choral anthologies by famous composers of the time. One of these is the anthology entitled Mottetti del Fiore.
The full title of the work is Mottetti del Fiore a Quattro voci novamente ristampati, et con somma diligentia revisti et corretti. Libro Primo. In Venetia, Appresso Francesco Rampazetto. In 4° obl. Cantus, Tenor, Altus, Bassus. In tutto opuscoli quattro.
(Mottetti del Fiore for Four Voices, newly reprinted and diligently revised and corrected. Book One. In Venice, by Francesco Rampazetto. Cantus, Tenor, Altus, Bassus. In all, four volumes.)
An original copy of the work is kept at the International Music Museum and Library in Bologna. It contains the following titles (the authors’ names are here quoted as they appear in the document):
In te Domine speravi … Lerithier
Letetur omne seculum … Lupus
Filie Jerusalem … Archadelt
Panis quem ego dabo … Lupus
Beati omnes … Lerithier
Nisi Dominus … Lerithier
Descendit angelus … Hilaire Penet
Gloriosa uirgo … N. Paignier
Dum aurora … N. Paignier
Virtute magna … Lasson
Tu es Petrus … Gose
Domine quis habitabit … Jo. Courtois
Benedixit Deus … Archadelt
Aue Santissima Maria … N. Gombert
Fuit homo … N. Gombert
Tanto tempore … Verdelat
Haec dies quam fecit … Archadelt
Beati omnes … Lupus
Sponsa Christi Cecilia … Loiset Pieton
Quam pulchra es … Jo. Lupi
Omnis pulchritudo domini … Dambert
Nisi ego abiero … Dambert
Vir inclitus … F. De Lis
Proba me domine … P. Manchicourt
Quem dicunt homines … Richafort
In conuertendo dominus … Lupus
Gabriel archangelus … Verdelot
Pater noster … Adrianus Wuillart
For the transcription the last motet was consulted. Its secunda pars is an Ave Maria, with a variation preceding its official classification in the year 1571 on the occasion of the battle of Lepanto. The text used by Willaert runs:
Ave Maria, gratia plena,
Dominus tecum,
benedicta tu in mulieribus,
et benedictus fructus ventris tui, Jesus.
Sancta Maria, Regina Coeli,
dulcis et pia, o Mater Dei,
ora pro nobis peccatoribus,
ut cum electis te videamus.
This motet, printed in 1564, is one of Willaert’s finest works. In his language, imitation is not merely artifice, but a technique enhancing the expressiveness of words and thoughts. Naturally, the fact that Willaert lived in Venice, where the long list of dictates issuing from the Council of Trent (1545-1562) were struggling to gain acceptance, aided him in developing a style of composition unimpeded by papal interference and much influenced by the taste for typically Venetian colour.
The motet, in the first mode, Dorian, which corresponds to the Gregorian Protus authentus, transposed to G, is set out in four sections which correspond to four verses making up this prayer to the Virgin. The verses are: Ave Maria, gratia plena, Dominus tecum; benedicta tu in mulieribus, et benedictus fructus ventris tui, Jesus; Sancta Maria, Regina Coeli, dulcis et pia, O Mater Dei; and ora pro nobis peccatoribus, ut cum electis te videamus. These verses, and the various sections into which they are subdivided, can be easily recognised, not only by the words which obviously distinguish each part, but also by the harmonic cadences which define them. Below is the pattern of the cadences found in the piece – the obvious predominance of G is numerically balanced by the less usual subfinalis[1], where one would expect to find more use of D.
Ave Maria B flat perfect-authentic tenorizans[2]
Gratia plena I G perfect-authentic tenorizans
Gratia plena II F perfect-authentic tenorizans
Dominus tecum I G plagal
Dominus tecum II G perfect-authentic bassizans[3]
Benedicta tu I F tenorizans
Benedicta tu II B flat tenorizans
in mulieribus I D perfect-authentic bassizans
in mulieribus II G perfect-authentic bassizans
Et benedictus D phrygian tenorizans
Fructus ventris tui Jesus I B flat perfect-authentic tenorizans
Fructus ventris tui Jesus II F perfect-authentic bassizans
Sancta Maria I F perfect-authentic tenorizans
Sancta Maria II C perfect-authentic tenorizans
Regina coeli F perfect-authentic tenorizans
Dulcis et pia D plagal
O Mater Dei D phrygian tenorizans
Ora pro nobis I F perfect-authentic tenorizans
Ora pro nobis II C plagal
peccatoribus I C perfect-authentic tenorizans
Ut cum electis te videamus I G perfect-authentic bassizans
Te videamus II G plagal
The tenor, immediately after presenting the first melodic extract, intones with long notes the Gregorian Ave Maria, and continues to do so in other sections of the piece: thus the entire composition can almost be said to be built on the cantus firmus[4].
The first verse, which can be further divided into three parts (Ave Maria, gratia plena, and Dominus tecum) is imitative. The initial interval of a fourth on ‘Ave’ is a distinguishing feature and is repeated by almost all the other voices, at times with a diminution in value. At the end of the section it can be noted that all parts follow, on the words ‘Dominus tecum’ the modulation of the rhetorical figure, katabasis.
In the second section, on the words ‘Benedicta tu in mulieribus’, the composer gives the richest ornate counterpoint in the entire piece. Note once more, in the tenor[5], a fragment of the cantus firmus. The last part of the second section takes on a clearly rhetorical nature: the words ‘Fructus ventris tui Jesus’ are declaimed mainly with long and white notes easily associated with the mother’s breast.
The third section contains a textual variation on the usual Ave Maria. After the statement in bicinium[6] style of the words ‘Sancta Maria’, the piece continues with mainly homophonic modulation, especially on the words ‘Regina coeli’ which thus stand out vocally.
In the last section, where there is a return to the imitative style, the same fragment of text –‘ut cum electis te videamus’ – is repeated three times; the melody is distinguished by an initial interval of an ascending fifth followed by repeated notes, and by the circulatio[7] which seems to represent turning the gaze on the words ‘te videamus’. After the perfect-authentic cadence to G, the piece ends with a characteristic plagal cadence built on the finalis[8] held by the tenor (manubrium).
The extraordinary artistic height reached by Willaert in this motet is owing to his command of the material and his ability to develop the relationship between text and music by means of simple technical devices shown in expression. It is interesting to observe how frequently the ‘motif-word’ is a development of the initial theme and how the free parts take the shape of a development in rhythmic melodic cells which often lead back to this initial theme. This notable thematic unity is used most imaginatively in a number of contrapuntal and imitative techniques, leading to a continuing evolution of the music which is never repetitive.
Below are the part-books taken from Rampazetto’s anthology and the Gregorian antiphon. You can download my transcription clicking on the miniature of the score at the top of the page.
[1] In an authentic mode, the tone below the final.
[2] in a cadence this is called: clausula tenorizans (probably because Gregorian melodies always end with a stepwise motion down to the finalis – and the tenor was originally the voice that ‘holds’ the cantus firmus, the original Gregorian melody)
[3] A jump in the bass in a cadence (in Dorian, Lydian and Mixolydian: V-I, in Phrygian there is a problem) is called clausula bassizans.
[4] A cantus firmus (held tune) is often a pre-existing melody forming the basis of a polyphonic composition. The plural is cantus firmi, although the corrupt form canti firmi (resulting from the grammatically incorrect treatment of cantus as a second- rather than a fourth-declension noun) can also be found. The Italian is often used instead: canto fermo (and the plural in Italian is canti fermi).
[5] In the polyphonic music of the 13th–16th centuries, ‘tenor’ referred to the part ‘holding’ the cantus firmus, the plainsong, or other melody on which a composition was usually built. The highest line above was termed superius (the modern soprano), and the third added voice was termed contratenor. In the mid-15th century, writing in four parts became common, and the contratenor part gave rise to the contratenor altus (the modern alto) and contratenor bassus (the modern bass). The term tenor gradually lost its association with a cantus firmus and began to refer to the part between the alto and bass and to the corresponding vocal range.
[6] In music of the Renaissance and early Baroque eras, a bicinium (pl. bicinia) was a composition for only two parts, especially one with a pedagogical purpose.
[7] The circulatio (circulo, circolo) is formed by positioning two opposite (rising and falling: intendens and remittens) circuli mezzi adjacent to each other in such a way that, were the two ‘half-circles’ to be superimposed, a circle of notes would result. The figure is defined both as a text-explanatory musical-rhetorical figure as well as a simple ornament (figura simplex, Manier)
[8] The musical modes delineate the finalis, or main note, with regard to two ranges: the authentic, which lies primarily above the main note, and the plagal, which dips significantly below it. In both cases, the finalis is usually the pitch that literally finalizes the song on the last note; the first note may or may not be the same as the finalis.
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